Key Stakeholders And Their Involvement - 1159 Words

Key Stakeholders and their Involvement In this accident, many groups of people were affected in various ways. Three main stakeholders involved were the company’s shareholders, the government and the fishermen. Shareholders following the explosion, BP’s shares dropped by 54%, resulting in a loss of $105 billion in share value (Jarvis, 2010). This greatly impacted BP’s financial status, as shareholders are vital to the financing of businesses. Share prices have been falling since the explosion, and have not returned to the original value before the incident (Read, 2010). Dividends were also not given out that year (ibid). As such, BP had to take measures to regain shareholder confidence. This incident also led to the resignation of BP’s†¦show more content†¦In the fishing industry, the incident led to an approximate $2.5 billion loss, while tourist industries experienced a loss of a predicted $23 billion (Jarvis, 2010). In addition, the moratorium placed on deep water drilling left 58,000 workers unemployed (ibid). In its Annual General Meeting in 2011, BP faced protests against BP’s executive’s remunerations and voiced their injustice (Webb McVeigh, 2011). Facebook pages such as â€Å"Boycott BP† and RIP Spongebob, who died in an oil spill cause of BP† have been set up by activists, and have garnered 847,730 and 468,157 likes respectively (Jarvis, 2010). Hence, the impacts on these stakeholders have varying degrees, but are nonetheless affected one way or another by BP’s mistake. Ethics and Values According to BP’s Code of Conduct, BP †commits to â€Å"excellence and to the disciplined management of our operations† (BP, 2013a). In this case, this is broken, as the oil wells were not properly checked. Site managers Robert Kaluza and Donald Vidrine were accused of acting irresponsibly when handling the checks on the rig (CBS News, 2012). Furthermore, BP’s former vice president David Rainey was charged for the deliberate understatement of the amount of oil that was being discharged into the Gulf (ibid). In addition, BP was accused of overpaying their CEOs. Bonuses of $100,000 to top managers were deemed improper in the light of the disaster. Claims made by shareholders and victims whose livelihoods

Leadership Is The Organization Of Function Without...

As a leader I strive to empower peak performance without excessive constraints and reliance on continuous leadership inputs to accomplish the set goals. Leadership is the ability of an individual to empower and develop an organization and its people to achieve its mission with little or no constant involvement from their management. This is achievable by empowering subordinates to be autonomous. This requires a leader to instill the necessary competence in the organizations to ensure proficiency in their respective areas of responsibility. This autonomy can be achieved by articulating the objective with the understanding that there are many methodologies to achieve the objective. Leaders must have confidence that the required†¦show more content†¦An example of this is my organizations activity committee. The committee comprises of a board of eight individuals from different branches of the organization that plans events for the group. This planning required meetings to dis cuss and vote on certain details. After numerous hours discussing the details, the committee came to an agreement on the details. However, instead of making the decisions, the committee took all the info and presented it to the director to make the final decisions. These decisions included issues like venue, cost of participation and other normal planning resolutions. While this example is not a direct mission impact, it illustrates how we have instilled the notion that decisions have to be made at the highest level possible, without regard to implication. This concept reinforces the potential for single point failure and ultimately diminishes the overall competence of the workforce. This analysis is the basis of my philosophy. For a leader to embrace this philosophy and convert from theory to practice, they must exhibit several key traits. Respect is the foundation of any successful leader. Devoid of respect, any leader will not have the trust necessary for empowerment. Without respect and I am referring to both respect for subordinates and respect for leadership, empowerment, the ultimate goal, is virtually impossible. Empowering your employees will produce an overall environment of mutual respect,

Teacher and Students Free Essays

string(100) " school to help a student, he may feel he has sacrificed his own needs to the needs of the student\." A FIELD STUDY PORTFOLIO IN ADVANCE MONTESSORI EDUCATION CENTER OF ISABELA PRESENTED TO: DR. ROMEO Z. TARUN FS INSTRUCTOR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN FIELD STUDY 5 (Learning Assessment Strategies) And FIELD STUDY 6 (Becoming a Teacher) MAYFLOR F. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher and Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now GUIYAB BSED III HGBAQUIRAN COLLEGE S. Y-2013(2nd SEMESTER) Table of Contents I. Title Page ————————————————————————————-1 Table of Contents ————————————————————————-2 Acknowledgement ———————————————————————–3 Dedication ———————————————————————————-3 AMECI Philosophy, Vision, Mission —————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€-4 II. Field Study 5 – Learning Assessment Strategies Episode 1 – My Assessment List —————————————————————————-5 Episode 2 – My ATM Card (Available Test Measurement) ———————————8 Episode 3 – Log Me ——————————————————————————————10 Episode 4 – MYMP (Me You Must Practice) —————————————————-11 Episode 5 – My PROPT (Pro duct-Oriented Practice Test) ————————————12 III. Field Study 6 – Becoming a Teacher Episode 1- The Teacher: My Goal as a Person —————————————————16 Activity 1 – The Global Teacher: Your Goal Activity 2 – The Professional Teacher Episode 2 – The Teacher in the Classroom ———————————————————24 Episode 3 – The Teacher and the Community —————————————————-31 Documentation ————————————————————————–34 Personal Profile —————————————————————————35 Date Time of Visit ——————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ36 Acknowledgement I would like to thank our Heavenly Father for helping and guiding me always as I have finished this requirement. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the following persons: To my parents, for their love, care, guidance and patience as well as financial support; To my classmates, who are always my companions when we are doing this observation in Advance Montessori Education Center of Isabela (AMECI); and To the instructors who have been molding me and my classmates, for us to have a better future and a nice performance most especially to our FS instructor Dr. Romeo Z. Tarun who encourages us to conduct this observation. Dedication I would like to dedicate this Field Study to all students concerned and to those who appreciate my work. As I have done this observation, I can say that I have answered the questions very carefully in order to understand better and associate more particularly in this study. I hope that I have reached the expectation of my instructor and to anyone who can read as you scan this portfolio, may I give you a little knowledge. MISSION LANNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL shall deliver quality basic Education with the use of indigenous and modern technology under the school system through the empowered competent, committed Teachers; and School Personnel’s who are accountable to the total development of every learner in the attainment of quality life, and where the family, community, and other institution actively support this effort. VISION LANNA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL an institution of learning with competent, committed and responsible Teacher’s, School personnel, and Supportive stakeholders, where every learner is academically competent equipped with life skills and imbued with the desirable values of a person who is Makabayan, Makatao, Makakalikasan, and Maka-diyos. Field Study 6 Professional Education Subject: The Teaching Profession Activity1: The Teacher: My Goal As a Person At the end of this activity, you will be competent in clarifying your values about teaching, and in articulating and demonstrating your personal philosophy of teaching. The end goal is to be a positive role model for students. My Task To be an effective teacher in the future it is important to be aware of yourvalues  about  teaching. Write  your  mission  statement  or  philosophy  that  you  willuphold with conviction. To each your goals do the following tasks. Interview with Teacher 1 Teacher’s Name: Thelma Cabanilla Gender: Female Subject Taught: English School: LNHS a. My goals for my students are: I believe that the purpose of teaching is not to teach students how to memorize  facts,  or  how  to  know  all  the  correct  answers. The  purpose  of  teaching  lies  in  getting  students  to  truly  understand  the  concepts  being examined. I also believe that as a teacher, I must know what to teach in my classroom. It is vital that I have a solid understanding of the subject matter being taught. I realize that I  cannot  rely  solely  on  textbooks,  but  rather  I  must  seek  out  other  sources  of  information to aid in my teaching. b. What I want to teach my students are: I firmly believe that through proper motivation and guidance, my students will  engage  actively  in  the  class  and  improve  their  innate  talents. Act  with conviction based on what they learned and finally prove their worth as responsible citizen with a personality worthy of emulation as they claim their rightful place in our society. c. I  will  teach  my  students  by By  being  a  facilitator  in  the  classroom. As  a  facilitator,  I  will  guide my students through the subject matter in order to assist the students in their own discoveries. The  constructivist  learning  theory  is  one  that  I  believe  to  beworthwhile,  thus  I  agree  with  the  fact  that  students  can  construct  their  own learning. All students are capable of learning, and all students have something to contribute to the classroom environment. Each student can bring new insights into a subject or raise questions about a subject that has not yet been considered. It is important to maintain a positive attitude about the students you teach. Interview with Teacher 2 Teacher’s Name: Timoteo Taquiqui Gender: Male Subject Taught: English School: LNHS a. My goals  for my students  are: My goal as a teacher is to equip students with the essential tools needed in life. By giving students knowledge and  skills they  need to succeed  as  adults,  by  urging  them  to  pursue  their  dreams,  and  by impressing on them the joy that comes  from learning, I believe that I  can positively  influence  my  students  and  give  them  a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"love  of  learning†. Teachers are virtually limitless in their capacity to touch many different lives; I look forward to being a part of this. b. What I want to teach my students are: I believe that by creating a student-centered learning, my students will be able to take charge of their own learning with little assistance from the eacher. This will inculcate a sense of responsibility in them in terms of  achieving their learning goal. As a teacher, one of my roles would be to coach and facilitate them throughout the learning process by providing information and giving useful guidelines in order for them to achieve their learning target. c. I  will  teach  my  students  by I will teach my students by instilling a passion for lifetime learning. Our students are in need of life lessons. They need to learn content, but they also need help learning how to think, how to believe, and how to succeed. SUMMARY TABLE OF INTERVIEW RESULTS * Values are principles, qualities, or objects that a person perceives as having intrinsic worth. Every individual has a personal hierarchy of values that may include success, wealth or monetary comfort, love/companionship, a sense of  accomplishment or achievement, and of  course, survival. When a teacher spends time after school to help a student, he may feel he has sacrificed his own needs to the needs of the student. You read "Teacher and Students" in category "Papers" * â€Å"a  good  leader  is  a  good follower†. In  a  classroom, obviously, the teacher is the leader and the students are the followers. And in order for the followers to obey the rules  implemented  by  the leader, the leader must first observe  those  rules him/herself. * Progressivist – teaches to develop learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a democratic society. * Existentialist – to help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions TEACHER * Existentialist–  helpsstudents  define  their  ownessence  by  exposing  themto various paths they take in  life  and  by  creating  an environment  in  which   They freely  choose  their  own preferred way. Idealist Stimulates learner’s  awareness  of  ideas and be a transmitter of cultural heritage My Reflections LEARNING  is  a  never-ending  quest  in  search  of  answers  for  many questions. It is a process of revealing the mystery of life, a dynami c and fundamental step towards a gradual transformation of a learner from naive to learn. Thus, a learner must be guided accordingly by the hands who want to mold him to be the best epitome of his alter ego. The fate of a learner lies in the hands of teachers and in the teaching and learning process. In an informal setting, they say that anyone can be a teacher; simplybecause  anyone  can  teach  a  thing  to  an  individual  base  on  his  previous experiences. In formal education, licensed teachers are tasked to mold the young  minds  of  the  learners. Therefore,  a  teacher  must  be  efficient  and effective in her chosen field of endeavor. Impart to her students all necessary faculties needed for them to be competitive globally and to act accordingly as true Christians with a Filipino pride. Learning Activity 2: The Global Teacher:  Your Goal At the end of this activity, you will gain competence in developing yourself become a global teacher. Your Tasks: The rapid change in technology makes the world smaller and links people with one another in one global community. To become an effective teacher, you should been downed with skills and knowledge to make you a global teacher. Characteristics of the Global  Teacher A global teacher works hard and gives her best to teaching. A global teacher utilizes technology. A global teacher has a good command of English. A global teacher is responsible and committed to teaching. A global teacher can execute her lesson well. A global teacher must be globally competitive and aware of the educational system outside the country. Your Analysis For the response of the teachers, what conclusions can you draw about the characteristics that a global teacher should have in terms of: a. Knowledge A global teacher then should be equipped with various useful knowledge that would help him face the multiple challenges in the world of teaching, and being  knowledgeable  means  possessing  excellence  in  communication  skills, adaptive  to  environmental  changes  and  one  who  teaches  in  a  world  class standard. b. Skills To become a global teacher, we should master skills and competencies, which can address global demands, thus it is being updated on what modern world can offer. As a global teacher, we should easily learn everything that has importance concerning teaching for this would make us better. c. Values Being  a  global teacher  means  a  lot of  responsibilities,  so  he  must  beamed with characteristics that will enable him endure the challenges in the field of  teaching, and that is showing your compassion, commitment and excellence on the teaching profession. Your Reflections Reflect on the image of the global teacher. Make an essay about a global teacher and the challenges that they face in a globalize world. Exciting, and rewarding are just some characteristics that explain teaching. Overcoming anxiety and nerves in the first year is our greatest challenge. Moving into the classroom for the first time can be a daunting and challenging experience for everyone. You are required to immediately equip four years of knowledge into your teaching and classroom management. While this may seem to be a difficult time, it will only get easier. There are many rewards with being a teacher, however it is important to note that it is not a role to be taken lightly – it is a difficult role to fill. As teachers, we need to understand that every child will learn differently. No matter their culture, gender or socio-economic status, so as teachers you have to encourage and have a level field in your  classrooms. You  have  to  know  how  to  reach  each  student. As  teachers  you need to let the students know that they don’t have to follow the stereotyped roles of  society. The teachers of 2010 and beyond will face many challenges that we are currently unaware of. What we can do to prepare for those challenges is look at where things may be headed in terms of technology and population and cultural diversity. Make  an  illustration  here  on  how  you visualize  the  global teacher. Learning Activity 2: The Professional Teacher Your Goal: At the end of this activity, you will manifest a deeper understanding of the rights, duties, and responsibilities of professional teachers and how these impact you as a future teacher. Classify the information you have gathered using the matrix that follows: Magna Carta for Public Teachers Magna Carta for Public Teachers Magna Carta for Public Teachers Professionalism Systems of  Monitoring She said that DepEd officials evaluates the school annually  The principal also observes the teachers’ performance regularly Magna Carta for Public Teachers Rewards and Incentives System She insists that still there should be additional allowance for teachers. Magna Carta for Public Teachers Professionalism Professionalism Respect Discipline She emphasized t hat in the school where she belongs, disciplinary actions are laid in case a teacher has done any malpractice Disciplinary Procedures The teacher does a lot of paper works, but if you really love teaching, you’ll never feel the burden Compassion Enthusiasm Duties and Responsibilities Professionalism Commitment to teaching profession She is enjoying her benefits as a professional teacher Rights and Privileges of  Ã‚  Teachers Your analysis Give the values reflected by the policies and guidelines found in the school. All aspects of policies and practices in school are the values and the way the whole school  and  community  interacts  with  each  other. Everyone  is  expected  to  be responsible for his or her own behavior, respect the rights of others and share values. It is vital that children, staff and parents work actively in partnership to enable all children to realize their full potential. There should be continuity to actively encourage parents to become involved in the life of the school. There must be a commitment to raising awareness of wider issues, by involving members of the learning community and exploring the surrounding environment. Learning is a lifelong process and it is our responsibility as adults to model effective learning. This vision statement therefore applies to everyone who has a role to play in the provision of education at our school – governors, support staff, teaching assistant sand teachers. Your Reflection Reflect on the policies and guidelines that concern the teachers. The codes of conduct mandate several rules and regulations that teachers must adhere to. First, teachers are responsible in taking care of the students who are under their supervision with the main objective of assuring their safety and welfare. Second,teachers  should  observe  confidentiality  of  information  that  is  related  with  theircolleagues  students  and  families  that  the  educators  acquire  during  their  teachingprofession, unless the disclosure of this information is needed for the well being of a person. Third, teachers should maintain the good reputation of the teaching profession by showing acts of honesty and integrity as well as making sure that their privateinterests  especially  outside  of  school  does  not  interfere  with  their  professional responsibilities. Fourth,  teachers  should  respect  all  the  members  of  the  schoolcommunity  namely:  students,  parents,  co-workers,  and  school  management  bymaking sure that they are treated equality and are not discriminated by gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, race, and others. Fifth, teachers should conduct their relationship with their students in a professional, respectful, and appropriate manner. Sixth teachers should not practice their teaching responsibilities while in the influence of any substance that weakens their capability to perform their duties properly. Lastly,teachers  must  present  comprehensive  and  accurate  information  and  documentsregarding their professional status credentials, and related experiences. Express  your  insights  and  feelings  regarding  the  demands  of  being  a  future professional teacher. Good teachers typically have good organization skills. They have the ability to work with many different types of people. Patience is also a very good quality. It is true that some people, from the time they are in first grade, know they want to be teachers. For others, the idea to become a teacher can be a sudden insight, or a feeling  that  ferments  for  years  in  some  remote  corner  of  their  consciousness. Regardless of  where  the idea  comes  from,  for  many,  the images  associated  with becoming a teacher are compelling. Teachers must be flexible to handle the inevitable obstacles that occur each day. Teachers must be able to handle problems and a room full of students all at one time. Problems also arise outside of the classroom setting. In addition,  school  politics  and  colleagues  with  different  teaching  styles  can  cause tension. EPISODE 2: My Tools ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN Each day that I  spend in the classroom presents new  challenges. Every situation and each different child requires an individualized response from the teacher. As I’ve observed the organizational plan, the classroom structured is flexible. The instructions are care both individually and by group. And the teacher is ensuring that furniture arrangement promotes learning opportunities. She has a seating chart. She maintains plans for materials and assignment management. And she creates bulletin boards that foster learning. She ensures bulletin boards are informative, relevant, aesthetic, and related to class activities. SCHEDULING During my observation, I’ve noticed that the teacher is following guidelines to ensure a  successful scheduling. First she  incorporates any  pre-scheduled  school  wide activities and routines into her schedule. She makes sure to include any activities that the whole school needs to be doing at the same time. For instance, many schools havea  Drop  Everything  and  Read  (DEAR)  time  right  after  lunch. Second,  she  createspredictable routines that her  students can  follow easily. Setting  aside a  short amount of time in the morning for students to complete arrival routines and get organized forthe  day  helps  to  teach  elementary  students  the  importance  of  being  prepared. Likewise, having specific dismissal routines they must follow helps them to make surethey  are  taking  home  everything  they  need  at  the  end  of  the  day. Third,  she coordinates with her grade-level peers. Fourth, she allows for some flexibility in her schedule. Lessons can run longer (or shorter) than she expected or some activities like earthquake and fire drills and special assemblies may interrupt her schedule. She said it’s okay if every once in a while you don’t accomplish everything you planned for the day. I think the activities were scheduled properly. The time was allotted sufficiently for the activity. Individual and group activities were all planned that’s why it saved time and it’s very organized. And through the guidelines she’s following she’s coming up with an excellent scheduling. RECORD KEEPING The attendance is monitored by checking the permanent seat plan, through this the teacher can record easily the absences and present in the class. The teacher has a record book where she gets every time she checks the attendance. I’ve seen a portfolio cabinet wherein all of the portfolios of the students are put. The teacher said that it’s very helpful if they have portfolio so that they can monitor their individual performance. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The physical environment of the classroom is very conducive to learning. The classroom is clean, properly ventilated and lighted, and free from noise distraction. Also the bulletin and displays were neatly arranged. They have seat plan so the seats of the students are organized and permanent. I think the seating arrangement also suits the learning experience of the pupils. The classroom furniture is matching the size of the students. DISCIPLINE The teacher is establishing the discipline inside the classroom by following some rules and guidelines. First is by selecting a discipline policy that is appropriate for her students. She considers her students’ age and developmental level when selecting a plan. Second is by pairing the rules with both consequences and rewards. If she will punish misbehavior, she also wants to recognize good behavior. She tries to mix positive and negative nearly equally in her plan to ensure that students see that good behavior is rewarded just as much as bad behavior is punished. Third she created a poster on which this discipline policy is clearly outlined. Featuring her policy on a poster allows students to refer to the regulations regularly and gives her something to which to draw students’ attention when discussing behavior. She placed her poster prominently on a classroom wall. I think her approach is very preventive. By creating and implementing a classroom discipline plan to prepare her students to follow the rules and regulations that they will be bound by once they reach adulthood. Simultaneously, she’ll be maintaining a calm, productive classroom atmosphere conducive to conventional studies. ROUTINES The  routines  are  properly  established  and  organized. The  teacher  is  alsofollowing some guidelines in establishing routine in the classroom. she organizes her classroom to be effective in providing structure and routine before her students arrive. There  should  be  a  space  for  their  backpacks,  lunches  and  homework. She labels everything clearly. Materials and sections of the classroom should also be labeled. This will allow students to become more familiar with where things go. Then when she says it is time to clean up, they will be able to do so effectively. Third, she sets a schedule. This sounds easy, but it is very important. Structure and routine are essential to keeping children focused and your stress level down. And I think all the procedures are placed properly and effectively. When routines and procedures are carefully taught, modeled, and established in the classroom, children know what’s expected of them and how to do certain things on their own. Having these predictable patterns in place allows teachers to spend more time in meaningful instruction. Classroom Management Matrix Classroom Management Area Observation Description of the Supportive Measures Observed Your Analysis Comments on the Effectiveness of the Supportive Measure Your Analysis Recommendations 2. Schedule During my observation, I’ve noticed that the teacher is following guidelines to ensure a successful scheduling. First she incorporates any pre-scheduled school wide activities and routines into her schedule. She makes sure to include any activities that the whole school needs to be doing at the same time. I think the activities were scheduled properly. The time was allotted sufficiently for the activity. Individual and group activities were all planned that’s why it saved time and it’s very organized. And through the guidelines she’s following she’s coming up with an excellent scheduling. One of the hardest things to do as an elementary school teacher is to find the time to fit everything in. There are so many skills to teach and only so much time in the day. To make sure that the entire curriculum is taught effectively, it helps to create a classroom schedule. 1. Organization Plan As I’ve observed the organizational plan, the classroom structure is flexible. The instructions are carried both individually and by group and the teacher ensures that furniture arrangement promotes learning opportunities. Teacher success, in relation to both student learning and teacher efficacy, can often be traced to the ability of the teacher to manage the classroom. Research shows that effective classroom organization and management during the first few weeks of  school are crucial in determining expectations and behavior patterns. I think the teacher really implement and create a good organizational plan. I have observed that she provides a productive, safe environment conducive to learning. 3. Record Keeping Effective, continuous record keeping lies at the heart of our best teaching and learning. It enables us to plan, to organize, and to create the best learning environment for each child. Record keeping is an effective tool for tracking contributions made by individual students in our classroom, for assessing students, for informing students and parents about growth overtime, and for setting goals. I think the teacher has effective record keeping technique. She’s right in creating a seat plan to easily check the attendance of the pupils. Also, it is correct to have a portfolio for each student so that they can monitor their performance and enhance it right away if  needed. The attendance is monitored by checking the permanent seat plan, through this the teacher can record easily the absences and present in the class. The teacher has a record book where she gets every time she checks the attendance. I’ve seen a portfolio cabinet wherein all of the portfolios of the students are put. The teacher said that it’s very helpful if  they have portfolio so that they can monitor their individual performance. Model whenever you can and tone your language to suit large mixed ability classes, small groups, weak students, and finally, the age of your students. She coordinates with her grade-level peers. She allows for some flexibility in her schedule. Lessons can run longer (or shorter) than she expected or some activities like earthquake and fire drills and special assemblies may interrupt her schedule. She said it’s okay if every once in awhile you don’t accomplish everything you planned for the day. Effective enforcement of  classroom discipline is a pre-requisite for the smooth operation of any classroom. Although your main goal as a teacher is to provide your students with the academic lessons they need to succeed in adulthood. I think her approach is very preventive. By creating and implementing a classroom discipline plan to prepare her students to follow the rules and regulations that they will be bound by once they reach adulthood. Simultaneously, she’ll be maintaining a calm, productive classroom atmosphere conducive to conventional studies. The  teacher is establishing the discipline inside the classroom by following some rules and guidelines. First is by selecting a discipline policy that is appropriate for your students. Consider your students’ age and developmental level when selecting a plan. Second is by pairing the rules with both consequences and rewards. 5. Discipline 4. Physical Environment The physical environment of the classroom is very conducive to learning. The classroom is clean, properly ventilated and lighted, and free from noise distraction. Also the bulletin and displays were neatly arranged. They have seat plan so the seats of the students are organized and permanent. I think the seating arrangement also suits the learning experience of the pupils. The classroom furniture is truly matching the size of the students. Every teacher knows that a safe, clean, comfortable and attractive classroom can stimulate learning and help build a classroom community. But for many teachers, setting up the physical environment of  their classrooms can be quite daunting, especially when faced with older buildings, crowded classrooms and insufficient storage space. I think the teacher did a good job in creating a physical environment that is very conducive to learning. She has a classroom suited to the learning ability and level of her Grade II pupils. I can conclude that if she maintains it, definitely she can come up with her goals in providing a classroom promoting a healthy and wonderful learning experience. I think the routines she formulated are very unique yet effective. Actually, if I’ll be in the actual field, I’m going to follow her superb and operative routines so that I can also ensure a well managed time and well organized classroom. 6. Routines The routines are properly established and organized. The teacher is also following some guidelines in establishing routine in the classroom. First she organizes her classroom to be effective in providing structure and routine before her students arrive. There should be a space for their backpacks, lunches and homework. Second, she labels everything clearly. Materials and sections of the classroom should also be labeled. This will allow students to become more familiar with where things go. Then when she says it is time to clean up, they will be able to do so effectively. Third, she sets a schedule. This sounds easy, but it is very important. When students arrive in her classroom they should know that they have until a certain time before their desks should be cleared and the teaching starts. Also she plans for the in-between times as well. Structure and routine are essential to keeping children focused and your stress level down. And I think all the procedures are placed properly and effectively. When routines and procedures are carefully taught, modeled, and established in the classroom, children know what’s expected of them and how to do certain things on their own. My Analysis 1. In what area of classroom management was the teacher most effective? Which of  the supportive measures were effective? Why? The area of classroom management wherein she’s most effective is discipline. I think all of her supportive measures were efficacious. During my observation, I’ve noticed that the pupils were well disciplined and behave not only during discussion but even the teacher is away. So it just shows that the guidelines she’s following to maintain  a  good  discipline is  working. She already  starts  to  develop  good  moral character among pupils. 2. In what area of classroom management was the teacher least effective? Which supportive measures were not effective? Why? I think she’s very effective in all aspects. I am not seeing any flaws regarding her organizational plan, record, keeping, physical environment, scheduling, discipline and routine. It might not be perfect but I think the important thing is to fulfill your goals in accordance to your guidelines. . Suggest more effective ways for your answer in number 2. Since I am seeing her classroom management with no flaws, I’ll just leave a good message about it. Effective classroom management is about the teacher keeping the students actively involved in the entire lesson. By practicing the teaching strategies above, teachers will greatly reduce classroom management prob lems. My Reflections 1. Describe at 3-5 characteristics of a teacher who can establish a well-managed classroom? There are so many classroom management characteristics like: Adaptability is the ability of a person to blend him / herself according to the external situations. Decisiveness – having the power to decide; conclusive. Characterized by decision and firmness resolution. Delegation – is the handing of a task over to another person, usually a subordinate. It is the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person to carry out specific activities. 2. What characteristics do you have at present that can make you an effective classroom manager? Elaborate how these characteristics can help you. I think I have the empathy, adaptability, and decision making skills. I can definitely sue those skills to ensure an effective classroom management. Adaptability will of  course help me to adjust easily to situations and changes. For example, if I’ll be transfer in different classroom I can still create a new and good atmosphere to my students which will promote a conducive learning environment. Also, if I have the empathy I can understand their  individual differences which will help  me to maintain and foster good discipline and routines inside the classroom. And last, if I have the good decision making skills I can create a guidelines and rules to insure and effective classroom management. . What characteristics do you have at present that can hamper you from becoming an effective classroom manager? How can you overcome these characteristic? Honestly I need to develop and gain more patience because I think that’s the characteristic that I have that will definitely hamper me in having an effective classroom management. I know that I can overcome this because I’m already practicing it in my daily life. I’m beginning to be more patient at all time regardless of  whatever the situation is. EPISODE 3: THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY The role of the teacher in a positive school-community relationship is extremely important since it is the teacher who is the backbone of the educational system. Although  school  boards  create  school  policy  and  administrators  interpret  thesepolicies, teachers are the personnel who implement school policy. Teachers must alsobe  prepared  to  make  the  most  favorable  impression  possible  in  even  the  mostinnocent  of  circumstances  in  order  to  maintain  public  support. The  community’s perceptions of the teacher affect their perceptions of the school and How to cite Teacher and Students, Papers

Australia Central Bank Targeted By Hackers

Question: Produce a Class Presentation on Australia Central Bank Targeted By Hackers by the development of your report presentation is your first opportunity to showcase your work. Answer: Introduction Information and communication technology has become an important part of ICT infrastructure of any business, government institution, university, entertainment and healthcare institution. It has made the business process of these institutions and organization a lot easier, accelerated the growth of the organization. With parallel to the advancement of information and communication technology, cyber-crimes are getting increased day by day. Technology has become more efficient, more robust, so is cyber-crimes. Any organization that use some form of ICT technology, should think about possible cyber-crime attacks to their organization. The biggest target of these attacks are data from the targeted system. Cybercrime is also known as computer crime. Cybercrime is a special type of crime where computers are used as an instrument of illegal actions. There are different types of cybercrime, including fraud, unauthorized access and theft of intellectual property, violation of privacy, and information security attacks like DoS etc. The aim of this report is to analyze how cybercrime is particularly becoming a threat for government and other organization as well. Computer and Internet were mostly spread in the US countries at the time of inception of these technologies. In earlier days, most of the cybercrimes used to happen in those countries. But now the scenario is different, now the whole world is under the risks of cybercrimes. Background The Reserve Bank of Australia or RBA faced a cybercriminal attack in March 2013. The attack used malware embedded in emails with a subject line Strategic Planning FY2012. The people who received the email, opened it and became the victim of the attack. The malware contained into the email was targeted to bypass the security measurements of the banks ICT infrastructure. But, according to RBA, the malware was not successful and no data from the Bank had been lost or corrupted. The attack targeted information related to G20 meetings. It was suspected that China is behind the attack. Though RBA did not comment on this and the China government also denied the claim . Overview of Cyber Crime Internet is an important factor behind cybercrimes. In most of the cases, the main intention behind cybercrimes is stealing information from others including individuals, organization, government institutions etc. there is an important difference between traditional crime and cybercrime. Cybercrime is not aimed for any physical body like traditional crimes. Cybercrime is aimed for virtual entities or collection of databases, networked computers of an organization etc. [4] Another important attribute of cybercrime is the non-locality. Cybercrime actions are not confined within a town, state, country even continent. It may span over any part of the globe. Thus, enforcement of laws on cybercriminal activities is quiet challenging and different than other types of crime. Types of Cybercrime There are different types of activities that comes under the tag of cybercrime. The broad spectrum of cybercrime activities have been categorized into three groups. In the first group, there are cybercrime activities like breaches to corporate or personal privacy, obtaining digital information illegally, blackmailing some firm or individual through the use of digital techniques and media etc. It also contains the growing number of cybercrime in identity theft. In the other group, there are cybercrimes based on transactions. For example, fraud, human and child trafficking, child pornography, money laundering, digital piracy, counterfeiting etc. The differentiating factor for these crimes is, crimes are targeted to specific victims and the criminals can hide themselves as anonymous over the Internet. Insider attacks from corporate organizations is related to this group of cybercrime. In insider attacks sometimes people from an organization deliberately leaks sensitive organizational information to third party. In the third group, the cybercrimes that are involved in attempts for disrupting services of some network or Internet, are included. These type of cybercrimes are involved in spamming, Denial of Service or DoS attacks, hacking, cyber terrorism activities etc. However, cyber terrorism is another special type of cybercrime. Cyber terrorism activities can be life threating to mass public. These attacks are generally targeted to economy and technological infrastructure of some nation. Privacy Invasion and Identity Theft Identity theft and privacy invasion show how cybercrimes can impact differently on the virtual and physical entity of an individual or some organization. For example, in US social security number of an individual is an important private information [6]. If an attacker manages to get the social security number of an individual then the attacker will have access to employment, tax and other details of that individual. Even in the worst case, the identity of the individual will be stolen and misused. This will cost the individual a lot. Same is true for credit card information. It can also be used for reconstructing all legal documents and information of a person. According to a study by FTC or Federal Trade Commission, identity theft impacts almost 3.3 million US citizens in 2012. They faced a loss of $35.9 billion. Most of the stolen information were credit card details, ATM card details, etc. Day by day such activities and incidents are growing in numbers. Internet Fraud Internet fraud is a common cybercrime mostly related to eCommerce. In the basic type of Internet fraud, an email is sent to the victim claiming winning of some lottery or some lucrative deals. The mail also asks the victims to transfer some amount of money to some bank account. And it cheats the victims. There are various variations of Internet frauds. Online auctions is another place where Internet frauds are very common. The main attribute of this type of cybercrime is, here the loss is not without the knowledge of victims. The victims are unable to identify the frauds. ATM fraud ATM or Automated Teller Machines are used widely for getting cash from a bank account. Users need secret PIN or Personal Identification Numbers for accessing their bank accounts. Cybercrime attackers intercepts the PIN and data from the magnetic strips of the ATM cards. Then these information will be used for making fake ATM cards and accessing the bank account of the victim illegally. Piracy and File Sharing Piracy and infringement of digital copyright is a typical and widespread cybercrime. In most of the cases, the participating entities in the crime may not be aware that they are committing some cybercrime. For example, piracy of music CD, movie DVDs is a common issue. Those are pirated and shared cross the file sharing websites by using torrents and peer-to-peer file sharing options. Common users downloads these files. This is a type of cybercrime where the entertainment industry is affected as there revenues come from selling of these CD and DVDs. When users get the free pirated copies of these over the Internet then the entertainment industry losses its business. Commercial digital distribution of music and movies and other entertainment resources have helped the entertainment industry to cope up with the impacts of piracy and copyright infringement to some extent. Hacking Hacking is the name of a collection of cybercrimes ranging from stealing information from victims to breaching privacy over the Internet. A hacker gain unauthorized access to someone elses computer or network from the system of the hacker. Sometime the reason may be curiosity or sometime there is some financial benefits. Hackers get generally identify and exploit vulnerabilities of a system to enter into a system. Then they use some malware or virus for capturing resources, making the system compromised. Sometimes they add compromised systems in their zombie networks and then use the zombie network for bigger attacks like DoS attacks. Malware and computer virus Releasing a computer virus deliberately is another type of cybercrime activity. Most of the malware are self-propagating and self-replicating. Virus and malware are used for infecting a computer or similar information systems, stealing information from those systems, consuming computing resources on those systems. Sometime it damages software and hardware components of the affected system. DoS, DDoS Attacks eCommerce websites, banking websites and other similar type of organization websites are common targets for Distributed DoS or DoS attacks. Here, the servers of such websites are flooded with huge traffic so that the upper limit of load handling by those servers are reached and the servers go down. The legitimate users of the services from those websites will no longer be able to access the servers. It costs multi-million dollar losses for the organizations. DDoS is a specialized version of hacking. In this case, a network of compromised and infected network, called zombie network is used for send traffic to the target. DDoS is more harmful and severe from a DoS attack. Spam Spam is a significant type of email based cybercrimes. Unsolicited advertisements of services and products are circulated by spam emails over the Internet. It waste the bandwidth, storage and other resources of a network and systems. So, this is a criminal offence to send spam emails to someone. However, a contrasting opinion of freedom of speech stands in favor of spams. But cybercriminals use spam emails for spreading malware and viruses and for growing zombie networks. Sabotage Sabotage is a cybercrime activity related to hijacking a website that belongs to some other organization or government body. It is also involved in damaging political and governmental resources for making severe attacks on public or nation. Forgery and counterfeiting Advancement of technology has been misused in counterfeiting activities by the cybercriminals. Updated digital printer and copier are being used in currency counterfeiting and forgery. Other than currency, immigration documents are also being illegally produced with higher levels of accuracy. Child Pornography New media technologies are being misused in cybercrimes like child pornography. Internet is also being misused heavily for benefits of the cybercriminals involved in such activities. There is no easy solution for this type of cybercrime. Impact of Cybercrime The malware attack to RBA is not a special case. Similar attacks to other banking and governmental institutions across the globe are happening daily. Some of these attacks become successful and mostly are unsuccessful. So, data is always at risk. The attack to RBA was not successful because the bank has a stronger and robust security infrastructure for its ICT resources. They regular monitors their IT infrastructure and develops awareness among its employees. So, the bank became able to identify and mitigate the attack. But this is not the case for other institutions and businesses. Larger businesses, banks, governmental institutions and enterprises can spent more investment behind securing their Information and Communication Technology infrastructure. But this is not true for small and medium scale businesses and organization. For cybercriminals, these SMEs are soft target. The attackers can steal more data from these businesses with very little efforts. According to McAfee 2013 publication , the estimated cost of cybercrime with respect to global economy, is from $300 billion to $1 trillion per year. The statistics is enough to give an idea of the severity of cybercrime on economy and businesses. The report by McAfee also identified that the defense organization of countries are particular targeted for severe cyber security attacks. Day by day cybercrime is becoming a part of war between nations and countries. When there is a growth in economy, the rate of cybercrime will also go higher. Because cybercriminals will try to utilize the economic growth for their own benefits. On the other hand, in case of recessions and hard times in business, sometimes business are not able to make required investment for their information security infrastructure. In such cases, the cybercriminals takes advantages of these situations. Information security risks for cybercrimes and the following consequences for businesses is quiet higher for the businesses that stores and processes valuable IP or Intellectual Property information like credit card information of customers, personal details of customers etc. There will be different implications of a potential security breach for these organization based on the attributes of the assets. Organizational value may get affected by these stolen intellectual properties. Because there are several laws and regulations that will not be favorable for the organization. The risks from sophisticated information security attacks and cybercrimes increases the cost of potential damages to the organization. Issues and Trends in Cybercrime Following trends and issues of cybercrime will help to understand the long term effects of cybercrime. Cybercrimes are getting merged with traditional crimes. Those criminals are utilizing the IT infrastructures and equipment for accomplishment of their criminal motives. Investigations of such crimes are becoming more complex. Day by day the distinction of cybercrime and traditional crimes are getting blurred. Earlier, cyber cafes were used for the cybercrime activities. Emergence of mobile device, smartphone and communication technology has made cybercrime activities more complex. A smartphone is now enough for accessing internet and accomplishment of some cybercrime. Cyber bullying is affecting innocent lives. Online banking and similar services based on traditional security infrastructure like public key cryptography, is no longer a highly secure infrastructure. Countermeasures for Cybercrimes Online security is highly dependent on digital countermeasures for cybercrimes. But, most of the cyber-attacks and cybercrime activities can be handled with proper awareness and following some sets of best practices and procedures. From the organizational viewpoint, cyber security measurements should be aligned with the risk management process of the organization. And the risk management process should be followed on regular bases. Some of the possible and important countermeasures for cybercrimes are given below, Awareness through training and workshops will help to combat with cybercrime activities. Organization should arrange such training for their employees, develop clear and concise security plans. The employees should be able to understand hacking and other cybercriminal activities. Then only they will be able to identify such activities if those happen to them in real-life. Attacks like spam and phishing can be mostly avoided by proper awareness. The digital assets including ICT infrastructure like data, computer, servers, networking equipment should be secured. Even though the budget can be a problem for SMEs they should keep SME balance between the investment and losses from potential cyber security risks. The software and systems used by organization should be up-to-date and upgraded to latest security updates. This will help to reduce the vulnerabilities in a system and making it more secure. Updates antivirus, IDS or intrusion detection system, firewalls and proxy servers should be properly installed, managed and updated. Websites and web applications are also susceptible to malware. So, those are also needed to be scanned. All sensitive data should be backed up securely and reliably. Networks should be equipped with DDoS mitigation strategies and measurements. Passwords for systems and accounts should be well managed. Stronger passwords should be used and needed to be changed frequently. While using public networks and computer, there are higher chances of cyber-attacks. These things are needed to be kept in mind and possible prevention techniques should be adapted. Use of sensitive information like credit card, identity etc. should be done very carefully. These information are needed to be shared with trusted entities only. Before sharing such information, user should check whether the connection is secure or not. This can be done by simply checking for HTTPS rather than HTTP. Users should check the sender of emails before opening an unusual email. If the email seems to be suspicious then they should refrain from clicking anywhere in the mail. Conclusion Cybercrimes are growing day by day. As, given in the background case study, such attacks happens for organization regularly. In this report, an overview of different cybercrime activities have been given along with the impact of cybercrime activities in economy, businesses and individuals lives. Following the discussion, there is a brief discussion on possible countermeasures of cybercrime activities. References [1] BBC, "Australia's central bank targeted by hackers," BBC, 11 March 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-21738540. [Accessed 28 April 2015]. [2] S. W. Brenner, Cybercrime, ABC-CLIO, 2011. [3] D. Wall, Cybercrime, Polity, 2011. [4] T. Douglas and B. Loader, Cybercrime, Psychology Press, 2009. [5] R. Moore, Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer Crime, Routledge, 2014. [6] H. T. Milhorn, Cybercrime: How to Avoid Becoming a Victim, Universal-Publishers, 2011. [7] R. Santanam, Cyber Security, Cyber Crime and Cyber Forensics: Applications and Perspectives, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2010. [8] A. Reyes, R. Brittson, K. O'Shea and J. Steele, Cyber Crime Investigations, Syngress, 2011. [9] J. R. Westby, International Guide to Combating Cybercrime, American Bar Association, 2003. [10] R. D. Clifford, Cybercrime: The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-related Crime, Carolina Academic Press, 2011. [11] M. Yar, Cybercrime and Society, SAGE, 2013. [12] McAfee, "The Economic Impact of Cybercrime and Cyber Espionage," McAfee, 2013. [13] R. Anderson, C. Barton, R. Bhme, R. Clayton, M. J. V. Eeten, M. Levi, T. Moore and S. Savage, "Measuring the cost of cybercrime," The economics of information security and privacy, pp. 265-300, 2013. [14] P. Hyman, "Cybercrime: it's serious, but exactly how serious?," Communications of the ACM, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 18-20, 2013. [15] V. Benjamin and H. Chen, "Securing cyberspace: Identifying key actors in hacker communities.," Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI), pp. 24-29, 2012. [16] J. V. Blane, Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism, Nova Publishers, 2013. [17] R. Schperberg, R. A. Stanley and K. C. Brancik, Cybercrime: Incident Response and Digital Forensics, Information Systems Audit and Control Association, 2010. [18] I. Baggili, Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime, Springer Science Business Media, 2011. [19] I. Bernik, Cybercrime and Cyber Warfare, John Wiley Sons, 2014. [20] S. Schjolberg, The History of Cybercrime, BoD, 2014. [21] J. I. Ross, Cybercrime, Chelsea House, 2010. [22] M. Chawki, A. Darwish, M. A. Khan and S. Tyagi, Cybercrime, Digital Forensics and Jurisdiction, Springer, 2015. [23] T. J. Holt, A. M. Bossler and K. C. Seigfried-Spellar, Cybercrime and Digital Forensics, Routledge, 2015. [24] M. Sauter, The Coming Swarm, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2014.

The Pursuit of Happyness Review Essay Example

The Pursuit of Happyness Review Essay The Pursuit of Happyness Review The pursuit of happyness is by Gabriele Muccino, and it is an amazing movie. This movie is an inspirational film based on a true story. It makes me think about a lot of things that I never considered before. Will Smith played a main part in this movie, and he is named Chris Gardner. In the beginning Chris Gardner goes to the hospital by bus every day; the purpose is to sell bone density scanners. His life is very difficult; he always didn’t have enough money to pay his rent. One day, he hears about an opportunity to be a bill broker. He depends on his persistence, eloquence, and a magic cube’s help; he got an opportunity to practice in this company. During this hard time, his wife could not bear their poverty anymore, and she went to New York alone. Gardner and his son lose their home. He perseveres all the time, so in the end of this story, he succeeds. This is a believable movie because it is based on a true story. Gardner is a real person, and this story really happened. If it was an imaginary story, it would not make people think such things can really happen. His life has plenty of difficulties after his wife leaves him; he and his son are homeless. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pursuit of Happyness Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pursuit of Happyness Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pursuit of Happyness Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even though life is terrible, he never gives up. This movie has a lot of inspirational dialogue. One day, he plays basketball with his son. His son says he like basketball very much, and wanted to a famous basketball star. Gardner said to his son, â€Å"Don’t ever let somebody tell you, you can’t do something, not even me. † This dialogue in this film that makes people felt a father’s love, and it is the point impressive people. Chris Gardner says a word before, and it might be struck people. He said, â€Å"I’m the type of person, if you ask me a question, and I don’t know the answer, I’m go to tell you that I don’t know. But I bet you what: I know how to find the answer, and I will find the answer. † Because his spirit, he succeeds in the end. It is tell us a correct attitude is very important to our whole life. If we have a good attitude, we would succeed in the end. Having a goal is very important, Chris Gardner says, â€Å"If you have a dream, you must protect it. You also need to get it. † It could make people know that we must have a goal because it is a way to make you succeed. There are a lot of truths in this story, and this is a bright spot in this movie. The film is thought-provoking. Stereotypes about homelessness are challenged as viewers encounter someone who, despite his intelligence and hard work, becomes homeless. They see that there are children who are homeless. The film shows the plight of the homeless realistically: help is available, but it’s not enough help. Gardner and his son queue up at different places that take homeless people. Those scenes make people know what homelessness is really like. This movie is a very good movie for me, and I learned a lot from this movie. I can see how to get succeed. I know the chance to others, but to rely on themselves to grasp. It is a classical movie.

Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essays

Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essays Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essay Huntsville Plant Project Charter Essay Project Name| Huntsville Plant Project| Project Number| 005| Project Manager| David Myers| Prioritization| High| Owner(s)| Walter Seitz| Start Date:| April 17, 2011| Scheduled Completion Date:| June 30, 2012| Mission| The construction of a new Seitz plant in Huntsville, AL that will be operational by June 30, 2012. | | Scope| 1) Select resources such as architect, real estate consultant and general contractor. ) Recruit and train managers for the new plant 3) Create pre-production and production plans 4) Create building concept and design 5) Procure building site, all required permits and approvals 6) Construct building 7) Landscaping of site 8) Operations personnel recruitment 9) Equipment , materials and fleet purchases 10) Equipment installation 11) Create product distribution and pre-production plans 12) Begin production and distribution| | Objectives| 1) To construct a new plant in Huntsville, Alabama that will be fully operational by June 30, 2012. ) To hire and train qualified management and operations personnel. 3) To procure all new equipment for production. 4) To procure a full fleet of trucks for distribution. | | Assumptions| 1. The labor market in Huntsville, AL is sufficient to meet the requirements of the new plant 2. Acquiring suitable land and obtaining permits will not face any unusual legal requirements. | | Constraints| Construction, staffing, equipment and materials will all be funded from the $2,750,000 allocated for the project. | | Time/Decision Points| 1) Start Date: April 17, 2011 2) Architectural Drawings Complete: May 15, 2011 3) Land purchased and permits obtained: June 01, 2011 4) Construction begins: July 01, 2011 5) Building construction complete: January 15, 2012 6) Equipment purchase and installation complete: February 15, 2012 7) Personnel hiring and training complete: March 31, 2012 8) Equipment tests complete: April 15, 2012 9) Facility begins operation May 15, 2012| | Cost/Financial Assumptions| 1) We assume the total cost of construction and beginning operation to be no more than $2,750,000| | User Acceptance Criteria/Quality| 1) All products will meet quality standards of the Seitz coporation| | Major Risks| 1) Financial risk due to possibility of construction and staffing cost over runs. | | KEY STAKEHOLDERS| | Name| Project Core Team:| Steve PokorskiJoe DownsRhonda SmithMary Doonan | Subject Matter Experts (SME) (Include company channel designations if applicable)| | APPROVALS| Type Name| Signature| Date| Project Manager Approval:| David Myers| February 1, 2010| Owner/Sponsor Approval:| Walter Seitz| February 1, 2010|

Deception By the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Research Paper

Deception By the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Interrogative, and Testimonial Processes - Research Paper Example Getting criminals to confessing their crimes turns out to be a problematic affair; as a result, investigating officers are involving the use of deception in obtaining the necessary information. According to Justice without Trial, when an investigator perceives the case law as an impediment to his main duty of apprehending criminals, in most cases, he endeavours to construct the facade of compliance instead of allowing the offender to get away from apprehension. Permitting officers sworn to maintain the law to outwit that same law is similar to planting the seeds of its obliteration. Apart from that widespread, along with openly acknowledged, deception demeans the trustworthiness together with perception of the police, as well as the whole criminal justice system. There are numerous reports of investigators lying while on the stand, which is an emergent problem. Apparently, police perjury is not only pervasive, but also a serious cancer that is invading the criminal justice system. Wh ile, on the other hand, utilizing deception in entrapping offenders into admitting their complicity turns out to be a means of downgrading police work into trickery (Vrij, 2000). There are substantial arguments that, at the primary stages of investigations, investigators have to circumvent the law in apprehending, while, at the same time, convicting criminals, ongoing avoidance of the law is an illustration of a lack of respect for the same laws which investigators get sworn to maintain. Therefore, tactics such as police sting operations used in capturing burglars, fabrication of nonexistent witnesses for the duration of interrogations, as well as Abscam-type operations, are ideal examples of deception which are in most cases routinely applied by investigators. Therefore, the given notion that often the ends justify the means as applied by the investigators during the processes of investigation, interrogation and testimonial are wrong for a number of reasons; firstly, it is immoral since wrong is wrong, and, secondly, it is illegal. Consequently, investigators must find a way of working within a severe and agonizingly conflicting environment without tampering with their moral order that demands for specific forms of fidelities (Pollock, 2011). Question Two Deception within the criminal justice system degrades the image of the legal system, as well as the equitable carriage of justice (Yeschke, 2002). In instances, whereby the criminal justice system gets the permission of engaging in immoral, along with even criminal behavior, then there comes a tie when the system together with those engrossed in it ceases being superior to the criminals they are attempting to entrap. Apparently, the investigator lies since lying turns out to be a routine way of dealing with legal impediments; this is because the law allows the investigator to lie during the investigative stage, at a time when he is not totally convinced whether the suspect is a criminal or not, but prohibits lying concerning procedures at the testimonial stage, whereby the investigator is certain of the guiltiness of the accused. This is because the investigator characteristically weighs the short-term disutility of the action of suppressing evidence, rather than the long-term utility of the law’s due process for protecting, as well as enhancing the nobility of the citizen under investigation. Within the criminal

Impact of a water Jet laboratory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impact of a water Jet laboratory - Lab Report Example Throughout the world, water turbines have been used in the generation of power. This happens when water that is under pressure strikes the turbine vane thus producing mechanical work. The force that is generated gives out rotational motion when the jet hits the vanes. A clear example of a water turbine is the Pelton wheel. This form of a turbine has more than one water jets which are normally tangentially directed towards vanes which are tightened on the turbine disc rim. The water creates an impact on the vanes producing a torque on the wheel. The torque makes the wheel to rotate thus developing power. The prediction of the pelton wheel’s output and determination of the optimum speed of rotation requires the understanding of the jet’s deflection to produce a force at the bucket and its relation to the momentum rate of the jet. This experiment explores the various forces that are exerted by a water jet on different plates. In this experiment, the measurement of the gene rated force when a water jet strikes a deflector was obtained. Theory. Whenever a horizontal water jet with a velocity v1 hits a freely moving plate, a force would be generated to the plate through the jet’s impact. This force, according to the theory of momentum is equal to the needed force in bringing back the plate in the initial position. This force should be same as the rate of momentum change of the flowing water towards that direction. In this regard, when F is a force of balancing needed to return the plate to the original position, it means that; F = Ï  Ç ª (v1-v2), where V2 includes the velocity of the jet in the direction that is horizontal after hitting the plate, V2 is certainly zero. This implies that F = Ï  Ç ª v1F = ? O v1 F= , where is the jet’s cross-sectional area. The calculation of the force due to the jets impact on a plate requires the application of the momentum change principle. According to this principle, the force produced is equivalent to the rate of momentum change. This is given by the equation that described. Additionally, the volume of the rate of flow in the above equation could be calculated in the experiment by calculating the quantity of the volume in a specific time period. Thos equation would be given by; Q=v/t. V1 could be calculated in the experiment through identifying the nozzle velocity and making use of the equations of motion. V2, on the other hand, could be obtained by measuring the nozzle’s diameter and making use of the equation of motion. Therefore, Vnozzel= Q/A. V1 could be calculated using; V12 = Vnozzel2-2gs where by g represents acceleration due to gravity, S represents the distance in between the plates and the jet. From th ese calculations, the force for the hemispherical cup is F = 2 ? O v1. For the flat plate, F = ? O v1. Apparatus. In this experiment, the following apparatus were used; hydraulic bench, water jet apparatus, loading weight, stopwatch, weighing tank, and deflectors like the hemisphere, plate, and slope. Experiment procedures. In this experimental set up, the procedure was as follow. The flat plate was fitted on the apparatus. After fitting the cup, water was removed from the   cup through undoing the retaining screw and lifting it out. This is completed using the loose cover plate. The cover plate was fitted over the flit plate stem while holding it in position under the beam. Then, the retaining screw was screwed and tightened. It was then that the weigh-beam was set

Contemporary Issues in OB Paper-Based on the article Essay

Contemporary Issues in OB Paper-Based on the article - Essay Example Some of these changes that are meant to improve the performance and communication at work end up leading to negative effects. It is important for the managers and consultants to closely examine the changes being made and whether the intended effect is what is actually being provided (Nelson & Quick, 2006). If not, then further research is necessary in order to ensure the employees are not only comfortable in their workplace but they communicate frequently as well as this equates to increased performance in the long run. The article by Bernstein, (2015) is explaining how the transparency in the office space which is meant to encourage accountability, openness as well as facilitate sharing of knowledge and information may not be working. This transparency has led to productivity problems instead, such as reduced overall communication amongst employees as well as affects negatively creative team performance. People are much more distracted than they originally were which means less work is being carried out than before the openness and transparency in the office. The article is further discussing how employees’ performance is suffering as a result of the increase in evaluation of their performance. Evaluation of performance is a good thing but when there is too much evaluation, then it hinders the ability of the employees to concentrate on their work as they are constantly worried about the evaluation. The evaluation tendencies miss the whole point of just giving feedback and become much more intense eventually destroying the very performance they aim to examine and improve. Lastly, there is discussion about how transparency leads to less sharing of ideas and criticisms due to the open that has no restraints at all. When there is a little privacy amongst the employees, it means that whatever work the employees are carrying out will be theirs privately and hence they will work effectively on it without fear of

Side Effects of Nanoparticles on Health

Side Effects of Nanoparticles on Health Prakriti Gurung      Abstract What are the side effects of using Nanotechnology on healthcare?       Nanotechnology has revolutionised medicine with its innovative applications yet much is yet to be researched on its adverse effects. While nanoparticles are used for drug delivery and medical equipment, they pose health risks as they are shown to be toxic, causing haemolysis, inflammation as well as cancer[DS1]. This is due to properties specific to nanoparticles such as high surface area to mass ratio and its shape. The high surface area makes nanoparticles very reactive and could trigger unwanted reactions inside the body if they react with biomolecules while the shape determines how the nanoparticles interact with its surroundings. Solubility is another key factor which could potentiate harm as nanoparticles low solubility can form lumps inside the body as they accumilate in one specific region and damage vital organs. Therefore, Nanotechnology should be equally revered and feared for it uses in medicine. Introduction Nanotechnology is a branch of technology which involves manipulating structures and properties at the nanoscale range, from 1 to 100 nanometres. A particle which is 1 nanometre in size is 1 ÃÆ'- 10-9 metres small a billionth of a metre. With the concept introduced initially in 1959 by physicist Richard P Feynman during his Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom talk where he expressed the ability to control and manipulate individual atoms and molecules, the study has today developed exponentially to revolutionise perspectives in cosmetics industry, agriculture and most recently, medicine. Medicine has thrived through the incorporation of nanotechnology in its discipline as the efficacy of drugs improved significantly due to its implementation in drug delivery, isolation of cancer cells in the body and reparations in clogged arteries. However, use of nanotechnology can be risky as particles behave differently at a nanoscale level. This unpredictability can pose hazards to human health if it is unable to be controlled in its application in medicine: Substances such as engineered fibrous nano-materials can cause inflammation on lungs while the small size of individual particles allows them to enter cells and form clumps. This report will explore the risks and hazards nanotechnology carries in its application in medicine on human health. Toxicity One of the major characteristics of nanoparticles is its toxicity and so far most of the research done around this area comes from inhaled nanoparticles in the air. What makes the nanoparticles toxic in particular is its individual chemical properties with Carbon Black nanoparticles causing more severe health effects compared to its other counterparts. However it is subjective to contamination caused by human activity such as pollution as well as to consider that nanoparticles in the ambient air have complex composition with organic and metal components such as metallic iron interacting which may cause the adverse health effects. Metallic iron was shown to potentiate the effect of Carbon Black nanoparticles through increased reactivity   (Wilson et al 2002). The toxicity of the nanoparticles are also dependent on its size as particles so small at the nanoscale level leads to an increase in surface area to mass ratio. This means more chemical molecules are present on the surface of the nanoparticles which enhances toxicity. During the study of low toxicity particles, TiO2 particles with higher surface area was shown to induce more severe lung inflammation and particle lymph node burden compared to BaSO4 particles with lower surface area (Tran et al 2000). Furthermore, their large surface area makes them highly reactive, which could lead to activate unknown chemical reactions or to bond with toxins, allowing for nanoparticles to enter cells other than the ones targeted. Shapes also play a key role in the characteristics such as the respirability and inflammatory potential of individual nanoparticles. A prime example of these are nanotubes. In addition to being carcinogenic, single wall carbon nanotubes where shown to induce Lung Granulomas, a type of inflammation, and thus demonstrated to be very toxic. However this could also be due to the high mass dose. To add, studies using human keratinocyte cell line also showed that carbon nanotube exposure resulted in cell toxicity and accelerated oxidative stress (Shvedova et al 2003) , which is an imbalance between the free radical production in the human body and the ability to neutralise its harmful effects. Solubility Different types of nanoparticles have varying solubility, and it is those nanoparticles with low solubility that could pose the most health risks. The risks are greater if the nanoparticles comprise of inorganic metal oxides and metal as they could react with bio-molecular structures within the body. Another factor to consider is if it is able to be broken down and be degraded: It would lead to the nanoparticles to accumulate within the body and damage organs. Furthermore due to its high reactivity and electrical charge, nanoparticles create conditions within the body where they come together to form larger particles, described as particle aggregation. This could potentiate the risks even further as this alters their physiochemical properties leading to unknown reactions inside cells. Nanofibres Nanofibres are fibers that have diameters of less than 1000 nm, and its medical applications range from wound dressings to artificial organ transplants.   nanofibres are created by an electrospinning process that ranges from 10nm to several hundred nanometres. The unique process through which it is made gives the nanofibres special properties due to its high surface area to mass ratio such as low density, high pore volume, and tight pore size. Researchers have also demonstrated new ways to make nanofibres out of proteins naturally occurring in blood, which makes it ideal for use in bandages as they eventually dissolve in the body (Hegde, Dahiya, and Kamath, 2005). This also makes it possible to add antibacterial material and drugs to the nanofibre structure, minimising infection rate, blood loss and more effective as it is absorbed by the body. Another field within medicine where nanofibres are used is tissue engineering, making them possible substrates for growing cells. Nano fibre substrates effectively support cell multiplication and enable tissue replacement prepared from a patients cells. The material it is made from also makes it is possible to incorporate different bioactive materials and drugs. Barrier textiles, when containing hydrophobic nanofibre layers work as effective barriers for microorganism penetration such as viruses and bacteria (Nanofiber applications, 2004). However, nanofibres can also pose significant health risks to humans. When silver nanofibres of different lengths were injected into lungs of mice, those larger than 5000 nm in size became lodged in lungs and caused inflammation while the smaller ones cleared away (BBC, 2012). Although it is questionable whether the same results are applicable on humans as the test was done on mice. Ken Donaldson, professor of respiratory toxicology at the University of Edinburgh, said: Concern has been expressed that new kinds of nanofibres being made by nanotechnology industries might pose a ri sk because they have a similar shape to asbestos. Asbestos fibres were shown to cause mesothelioma, a type of lung cancer. Drug Delivery Nanofibre membranes from bipolymers are used as drug carriers or bioactive compounds. The benefit of this is that the membranes are engineered to specifically target diseased cells, therefore reducing the damage done to healthy cells. The benefits of using nanoparticles in drug delivery is that it is possible to attach ethylene glycol molecules which enables the nanoparticles to circulate in the blood stream. This is due to the   ethylene glycol molecules which stops the white blood cells from attacking the nanoparticles. While the benefits of nanoparticles in drug delivery are immense, there are serious adverse effects which need to be researched further: Cationic nanoparticles, which are ligand coated nanoparticles used as agents for drug delivery, such as gold and polystyrene have been shown to cause haemolysis (rupture of red blood cells) and blood clotting (De Jong and Borm, 2008). Positive correlation is also observed between nanoparticle exposure and the amount of cardi ovascular diseases however there is no definitive explanation. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that certain nanoparticles can gain access to the blood following inhalation and can enhance experimental thrombosis (blood clotting in circulatory system) but it is not clear whether this was an effect of pulmonary inflammation or particles translocated to the blood. Another type of nanoparticle, DEP (Diesel exhaust particulate), were shown to cause altered heart rate in hypertensive rats whereas high concentrations of anionic nanoparticles and cationic nanoparticles were toxic for the BBB (blood and brain barrier) (De Jong and Borm, 2008). Conclusion[DS2] Nanoparticles hold great significance in the field of medicine due to its frequent emergence: they are everywhere from wound dressings to drug delivery. However much of the disadvantages in its application is yet to be researched as whatever little information is available only comes from inhaled nanoparticles. If not researched thoroughly, the risk of nanoparticles could increase significantly, as it has already been demonstrated in lab rats which resulted in lung inflammation and blood clotting. Furthermore, the high surface area of nanopartcles makes them particularly sensitive when it comes to reactivity, which inside the human body could trigger unwanted reactions in turn causing damage to cells and organs. Therefore the subject of nanoparticles should be treated with caution, especially when it comes to application on humans in order to allow for safer usage in medicine.   Ã‚   Bibliography[DS3] BBC (2012) Nanofibres may pose health risk. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19355196 (Accessed: 30 August 2016) Catherine Paddock PhD. 2012. Nanotechnology In Medicine: Huge Potential, But What Are The Risks?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244972.php. [Accessed 27 August 2016]. De Jong, W.H. and Borm, P.J. (2008) Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards,Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards, 3(2) (Accessed: 4 September 2016). Hegde, R.R., Dahiya, A. and Kamath, M.G. (2005) NANOFIBERS. Available at: http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/Nanofiber%20Nonwovens.htm (Accessed: 30 August 2016). Nanofiber applications (2004) Available at: http://www.elmarco.com/application-areas/medicine/ (Accessed: 30 August 2016) Shvedova, A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A., Gandelsman, V., Maynard, A. and Baron, P., 2003. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. Journal of toxicology and environmental health Part A,66(20), pp.1909-1926. Tran, C.L., Buchanan, D., Cullen, R.T., Searl, A., Jones, A.D. and Donaldson, K., 2000. Inhalation of poorly soluble particles. II. Influence of particle surface area on inflammation and clearance. Inhalation toxicology,12(12), pp.1113-1126. Wilson, M.R., Lightbody, J.H., Donaldson, K., Sales, J. and Stone, V., 2002. Interactions between ultrafine particles and transition metals in vivo and in vitro. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 184(3), pp.172-179. [DS1]Good point, but should be supported by a reference. [DS2]Good [DS3]Very good.

Race: Biological or Cultural? :: essays research papers

Through research of DNA samples, scientists have been able to declare that race is not biologically constructed due to the similarities between human genes. Nevertheless, in reality, people still emphasized on biological aspects such as skin color, or hair texture to categorize others into different races. This in turn, denied the true identity of race, which it is culturally constructed. Ethnicity, by definition is also culturally constructed, therefore it greatly resemble race. There is no real clear line to distinct the two. According to Nicholson, encounters between explorers, such as Christopher Columbus and Henry Hudson, and Native Americans were always friendly. There was no â€Å"expression of hostility based on physical appearance† (Nicholson 15) between the two groups. When there was any hostility, it was not based on physical appearance, but rather more of culture practices or values. Cannibalism, for example, â€Å"seems to take place without any regard to race, creed, or religion.† In another case, Nicholson mentions that during the Crusade, about ten thousands Jews were massacred by Crusaders. It â€Å"was a religious slaughter without racial implications.† (Nicholson 26) Through these examples, we can see that Nicholson suggested that race is not scientifically valid because people did not judge others based on physical appearances, but the notion of race is mainly described by one’s skin color or hair texture. Nicholson’s arguments coincided with modern scientific views, which conclude that race doesn’t exist, due to the fact that DNA inside people with different skin color and hair texture is 99.9 percent similar. Therefore, the notion that race is biologically constructed in invalid. Social reality of race simply refers to the fact that people still believed that races are based on physical traits such as skin color or hair texture to judge others. However, what they are doing is stereotyping which lead to discrimination and racism. Also, their actions denied the fact race is culturally constructed, meaning people have different customs, religions, and values from culture to culture. The patterns of biological variation among humans are extremely complex and constantly changing. All of us could be classified into a number of different "races", depending on what genetic traits are emphasized. For example, if you divide people up on the basis of stature or blood types, the geographic groupings are clearly different from those defined on the basis of skin color. Focusing on such deceptive distinguishing traits as skin color, body shape, and hair texture causes us to magnify differences and ignore similarities between people.

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay

This definition of a crime comes from (Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary) and reads; â€Å"Crime: an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of the law†. There are several definitions of crime, but there all consistent for the most part. People who commit crimes are held to answer for the crimes they are accused of. For this, we must have a judicial system in place that is fair and balanced. Although the person accused of committing the crime is sometimes judged before he’s even gone to court, he must be allowed certain rights and due process. Those rights must not be violated prior to a trial. It’s this system that makes American what we are. Sometimes there are cases that make us feel that the person being tried should just be executed or sent to jail, because the media has basically tried and convicted the person prior to trial. This was evident in the â€Å"Casey Anthony† murder trial. Most Americans and the media had convicted her prior to trial. She was found not guilty earlier today by twelve jurors. Is the system fair? Who knows, but this is the reason, lots of people believe there should be professional jurors for high profile cases like this. On the other hand our judicial system has been around for a long time and delivers in most cases a fair system of government that protects the innocent, the victims and the accused. Of course all parties involved don’t feel this way based on where you’re at during the judicial process, but it’s a system that’s fair to all parties. The system is overseen by federal systems that try to keep order and balance throughout the country. Without any of this we would be a country with no law and order. Vigilantes’ would run the streets creating their own laws and chaos would prevail. The three components of the criminal justice system are The Police, The Criminal Courts and The Correctional Institutions. Each one of these components has a very specific function and go hand in hand with one another. For example; if a person is arrested by a police officer for a residential burglary, there is a series of events that happen on the law enforcement side, before the suspect goes to court and before he becomes a part of the correctional institutions. .Once an officer confirms a crime has been committed, he must place the person under arrest and show there was probable cause to arrest the person. This information goes into a â€Å"Probable Cause statement that’s submitted during the booking process. If the suspect is questioned he must be advised of his Miranda rights by the law enforcement officer. Evidence must be collected to prove the crime was committed and the person being charged committed the crime. The suspect is then transported to the county jail for booking. The officer must then document the incident in a police report and be able to articulate the elements of the crime have been fulfilled. The evidence must be booked and the police report must then be submitted to the District Attorney’s office within a 48 hour time frame before the suspect is arraigned in court. If any of this fails’ to happen the courts could release the suspect under Penal Code 825. The case can still be submitted to the District Attorney’s office, but it will be filled out of custody. If this process has been completed correctly the criminal courts takes over their function. Once the suspect goes to court for his first appearance he is advised of his charges and the probable cause is confirmed by the courts. During this phase the report and evidence collected are examined by the defense counsel to see if the suspect has a chance of winning the case. If the defense attorney feels that his client may lose the case based off of the evidence presented he may be allowed to plea bargain in which the suspect could plead to a lesser crime or admit guilt to the crime he is accused of. There are several things that determine if this allowed to happen, to include the suspects past criminal history and the seriousness of the crime. If the courts feel there is enough probable cause and the suspect’s rights have not been violated, the suspect will be held to answer to the charges brought against him. Otherwise the suspect could be let free based on the lack of probable cause, lack of physical evidence or the suspect’s rights being violated during the arrest or questioning process. If the suspect is held to answer he will then go to an arraignment. Once there he will plead either not guilty, guilty, or no contest. If a person pleads â€Å"not guilty† he is set for pre-trial at which time his case is handled by the person’s lawyer. If need be the case goes to trial where he is judged by twelve of his peers or the person pleads to a lesser charge and the case is closed prior to the trial. If a trial takes place and the person is found guilty he will be sentenced by the judge based on the crimes committed. This can be immediately or shortly after the trial. If the suspect is sentenced to prison he then becomes a part of the correctional institution. After sentencing he is usually turned over immediately to the custody of the sheriff’s department while awaiting transportation to prison.

Lexicology Essays - Lexicology, Linguistics, Grammar, Semantics

Lexicology Essays - Lexicology, Linguistics, Grammar, Semantics Lecture I. Introduction. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics 1.The subject and the tasks of lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics. 2.Lexical units. Word as the main lexical unit. Literature: 1. .. . : , 2007. C. 9-13. 2. .. . / .. . : , 2008. C. 3-4. 1. The subject and the tasks of lexicology The term lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis - word, phrase, and logos - science. The literal meaning is the science of word. Thus, lexicology is the part of linguistics which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups. Lexicology has its own aims, methods of research and its basic task is study and systematic description of vocabulary (lexicon) in respect to its origin, development and current use. It gives a systematic description of the word-stock of the language; It investigates the words structure, word formation, the semantic structure of English words; It also investigates the main principles of the classification of vocabulary units into various groups and ways of forming new vocabulary units; It studies the relations between different lexical layers of the vocabulary. There are two principle approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material: synchronic and diachronic. It means that the vocabulary of the language can be studied synchronically, that is, at a given stage of its development (descriptive lexicology). The descriptive lexicology of the English language deals with the English word in its morphological (morprhemes the word consisits of) and semantical (meaning of the word) structures and investigates the interdependence between these two aspects. The vocabulary can also be studied diachronically, in the context of the processes through which it grew, developed and acquired its modern form (historical lexicology). Historical lexicology studies the origin of words and word-groups, the development of their sound form and meaning. The two approaches shouldnt be set one against the other. In fact, they are interconnected and interrelated because every linguistic structure and system exists in a state of constant development so that the synchronic state of a language system is a result of a long process of linguistic evaluation, of its historical development. Closely connected with historical lexicology is comparative lexicology which studies the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages, and finds out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of these languages. Distinction is naturally made between general lexicology and special lexicology. General lexicology is a part of general linguistics; it studies the vocabulary and semantic processes irrespectively of the specific features of any particular language. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (e.g. English, Ukrainian, etc.). There are different branches of lexicology: etymology, word groups and phraseology, semasiology and onomasiology, morphology, word-building, lexicography, stylistics. Etymology is the branch of linguistics which deals with the origin and history of words. Semasiology is a science which studies the meaning of the words. Semasiology is closely connected to onomasiology, which goal is to find the linguistic forms, or the words, that can stand for a given concept/idea/object. While onomasiology starts from concepts, semasiology starts from forms and asks for their meanings. Semasiology is concerned with meaning and the change of meaning. A typical semasiological question is: Which meanings does this word have?, for instance, Which meanings does the word glass have?. A semasiological perspective is more the perspective of a listener who is looking for the meaning of a word s/he has heard. People speak of onomasiology when they are looking for grammatical forms that can stand for a given function, e.g.How can I express future time?, and when they are looking for conversational patterns that can be used in a given communicative task, e.g. How can I greet somebody? Morphology is the branch of lexicology which deals with the structure of the word. The ways the word is formed are studied by the word-building. The spheres of the use of the word are studied by the stylistics. Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specialising in word-groups which are characterised by stability of structure. The questions of words description and systematization is a subject of lexicography. Lexicology is closely connected with general linguistics, the history of the